John Lockes Theory of Knowledge Essay - 1563 Words

John Locke (1632-1704) was the first of the classical British empiricists. (Empiricists believed that all knowledge derives from experience. These philosophers were hostile to rationalistic metaphysics, particularly to its unbridled use of speculation, its grandiose claims, and its epistemology grounded in innate ideas) If Locke could account of all human knowledge without making reference to innate ideas, then his theory would be simpler, hence better, than that of Descartes. He wrote, â€Å"Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas: How comes it to be furnished? To his I answer, in one word, from EXPERIENCE.† (Donald Palmer, p.165) So the mind at birth is a tabula rasa, a blank†¦show more content†¦Secondary qualities are characteristic that are often attribute to external objects, which exist only in the mind, yet are caused by real features of external objects. Secondary qualities are colors, sounds, and tastes.) This view of the mind has come to be known as REPRESENTATIVE REALISM. This mean the mind represents the external world but it does not duplicate it. The mind is something like a photograph in that there are feature of a photo that very accurately represent the world, such as a good picture of three people and that each of them has two eyes, one nose, and one mouth, and there are features of the photograph that belong exclusively to the photo (its glossiness, its two-dimensionality, the white border around its content). A real quality must be a quality of a real thing and real things are substances. Once again, given anything in the world, it is either a substance or a characteristic of a s ubstance.) So, having claimed that he could account for all knowledge purely in terms of â€Å"experience† and having arrived at the concept that had dominated philosophy for the last several generations, Locke proclaimed it a mystery and even joked about it. (LOOKING AT PHILOSOPHY- pg.165-174). HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY (pg 165-186) Locke’s most important works are the Essay Concerning Human Understanding and the Two Treatises of Government. Locke describes the development of the Essay as having been sparked by a discussion with aShow MoreRelatedJohn Lockes Theory of Knowledge Essay1878 Words   |  8 Pagestruly conscious of the phenomenalistic consequences of their theory of knowledge, which was based on empiricism. Both considered sensation as phenomenal presentations and also as representations of reality. Thus they still had something upon which to build an absolute metaphysics. With Locke gnosiological phenomenalism enters its critical phase. By considering sensations merely as subjective presentations, Locke gives us a theory of knowledge of subjective data devoid of any relation with external objectsRead MoreJohn Lockes Theory of Knowledge Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pages John Locke was an empiricist who believed that people could acquire knowledge from experience. Ideas acted as raw materials and by knowing the relation of the ideas, we got knowledge. All ideas are based on experience but knowledge can also be justified by intuition and demonstration. By sensation and reflection, we get sensitive, intuitive and demonstrative knowledge with different degrees of certainty and ways of evidence. In investigating the two main sources ofRead MoreBusiness Ethics: John Locke Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Ethics: John Locke Business Ethics Business ethics is defined as â€Å"a specialized study of moral right and wrong that focusses on moral standards as they apply to business institutions, organizations, and behavior† (Velasquez, 2014, p.15). Business ethics is the study of moral standards that focusses primarily on how these standards may apply to social systems and/or organizations. For this paper I will be focusing on one of the great minds of business ethics, John Locke, his ideas andRead MoreRenee Pann . Mid Term Essay. John Locke’S Limited Representationalism. March 12, 2017. A. . Do You Ever1417 Words   |  6 PagesRenee Pann Mid Term Essay John Locke’s Limited Representationalism March 12, 2017 A. Do you ever wonder what life is? How we subsist as humans? What is the macrocosm in general? It’s uncanny concept to cogitate, so many explications are out there and we still don’t have the answers we optate. John Locke, who wanted to test those questions was the first modern empiricist we studied. His philosophies were deeply influential on us. Locke argued that, â€Å"the mind represents the external world, but doesRead MoreHow John Locke Inspired Maria Montessori1459 Words   |  6 PagesJOHN LOCKE Every man has a property in his own person. This nobody has a right to, but himself. – John Locke Childhood John Locke was born on August 29, 1632, in Wrington, a village in the English country of Somerset. He was baptized the same day. Soon after his birth, the family moved to the market town of Pensford, about seven miles south of Bristol, where Locke grew up in an old fashioned stone farmhouse . His father was a county lawyer to the Justices of the Peace and his motherRead More John Locke Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke John Locke is considered to be England’s most prominent philosopher. He was born August 29, 1632 in a small town of Somerset, which is south of Bristol, England. Locke was the oldest of three children. His mother died when he was 22 years old and Locke spoke of her very well. Locke’s father was a Puritan attorney and clerk to a justice of the peace in the town where Locke was born. He was very strict with his son when he was younger. which Locke later believed that parents shouldRead MoreJohn Locke s Theory Of Self And Personal Identity Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Locke a seventeenth century Philosopher uses a number of thought experiments in his 1690 account, ’An Essay concerning Human Understanding’. He uses these thought experiments to help explain his definition of the self and personal identity. The thought experiments that are used, go some way in explaining his opinions and in clarifying the role that memory plays in defining the term . Although defining personal identity was and still is a complex subject and not all philosophers share the sameRead More Poes Fall of The House of Usher Essay: Beyond Empiricism and Transcendentalism1482 Words   |  6 Pages      Ã‚   When Edgar Allan Poe wrote The Fall of the House of Usher, two factors greatly influenced his writing. A first influence was John Lockes idea of Empiricism, which was the idea that all knowledge was gained by experiences, exclusively through the senses. A second vital influence was Transcendentalism, which was a reaction to Empiricism.   While John Locke believed that reality or truth was constituted by the material world and by the senses, Transcendentalists believed that reality andRead MoreEssay John Locke943 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most compelling theory of metaphysics. First, I explain Locke’s point that all humans are born as Tabula Rasa, in order to gain basic understanding of where Locke begins his theory. Second, I discuss how Locke argues how we obtain knowledge, empiricism and representationalism, and knowledge about the work varies between strong and weak inferences. Third, I will provide counter examples to Locke’s ideas, and will explain why t hese counter examples work for Locke’s theories provided. Finally, IRead MoreHuman Reasoning John Locke ´s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding1236 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke in his prose An Essay Concerning Human Understanding displays an extremely individualistic take on human reason (126). Proposing a perspective that is especially interesting during his time in the 17th century, which catered to a shift towards individual morals and responsibilities - the Puritan movement (Kang). Furthermore, John Locke sees the human mind as a product of one’s own experiences and inherent responsibilities, which is evident not only in his essay, but also in his upbringing

Leadership Style And Vision Content - 1024 Words

Sosik, J. J., Dinger, S. L. (April, 2007). Relationships between leadership style and vision content: The moderating role of need for social approval, self-monitoring, and need for social power. The Leadership Quarterly, Volume 18, Issue 2, Pages 134–153 This journal article discusses studies conducted to determine if there is a correlation between leadership styles and visionary content. The researcher conducted the study during a 14 week leadership development course. The overall findings determined that leadership styles affect how the organizational vision is conveyed to their followers. For example, charismatic leaders motivate followers to understand and engage to ensure visionary goals are met. The authors further acknowledged that each leadership style has a direct effect on how employees engaged with their leaders either positively or negatively. This article is published in a peer reviewed journal. Cartwright, T., Baldwin, D. (2007). Seeing your way: Why leaders must communicate their visions. Leadership in Action. (27(3), 15-24 The author attempts to explain why leaders must learn to communicate effectively when attempting to gain compliance with goals and visions. The writer highlighted important factors to gain employee participation. †¢ Tell a Story – Storytelling gives value to the meaning of the vision. †¢ Reminders – To ensure that all remember what the vision or goal is; physical reminders are best. Such as, t-shirts, advertisements, pens, coffeeShow MoreRelatedEssay on Ldr 531 My Leadership Style1411 Words   |  6 PagesMy Leadership style Osamede Tony Igodan LDR/531 February 24, 2012 Suzanne Dunham My Leadership style Leaders are some of the most influential individuals in any society. They have the ability to influence those around them with various leadership styles including coercive, authoritative, affiliative, democratic, pacesetting, and coaching. Effective leaders consistently adapt to the environment around them to either enhance or correctRead MoreSteve Jobs as a Visionary and Transformational Leader1165 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction Steve Jobs unique approach to leadership and visionary approach to creating, producing and selling innovative products, combined with his innate ability to orchestrate increasingly complex companies have earned him many accolades. Fortune Magazine named him the best leader of the Decade and countless other publications, colleges and universities have given him many accolades and honorary degrees. All these external measures of success reflect who Steve Jobs is on a daily basis,Read MoreManaging Conflict And Organizational Change924 Words   |  4 PagesManaging conflict and the importance of a vision/mission in an organization are two important topics in our course of Leadership and Organizational Change. In this paper we tried to analyze the connection between these two important aspects of leadership. Our analysis and our interviews of leaders have supported and amplified what we have learnt in class. As we have seen during this course, working in a team can often lead to conflicts. In particular there are three types of conflicts that we describedRead MoreThe Roles Of The Team Development And Ibarra And Hunter s Forms Of Networking Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesgroup presentation. Key learning drawn out from this team experience will able to apply to my career and personal development. This paper will analyse based on Schwarz’s Group Effectiveness Model with three factors of group process, structure, and content. Group process I will review two different theories, Tuckman and Jensen’s stage of team development and Ibarra and Hunter’s forms of networking. Tuckman and Jensen’s stage of team development Forming stage In this stage, I and the other membersRead MoreLeadership Models1580 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership Models Leadership Models The dynamics of leadership-follower relationships has grown in the last two decades because of a growing discussion in leadership literature (Popper Mayseless, 2002) as cited in Avolio. Many companies, which were small 20 years ago have emerged as leaders in the market, overtaking their once larger competitors. These firms internally have revamped the way they do business. They have focused on making changes to their managerial process, thereby creatingRead MoreIlm Leadership859 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Assessing your own leadership capability and performance (M5.29) 5 6 Assessment criteria (the learner can) 1.1 Review the prevailing leadership styles in the organisation Assess the impact of the prevailing leadership styles on the organisation’s values and performance Level: Credit value: Learning outcomes (the learner will) 1 Understand leadership styles within an organisation 1.2 2 Be able to review effectiveness of own leadership capability and performance in meetingRead MoreOrganizational Behavior, Leadership, And Leadership1321 Words   |  6 Pages In any organization, it’s extremely important for the people in leadership roles to possess a strong leadership role. According to the text Organizational Behavior, â€Å"leadership is the process of developing ideas and a vision, living by values that support those ideas and that vision, and influencing others to embrace them in their own behaviors, and making hard decisions about humans and other resources† (Hellriegel Slocum, 2011). Regardless of what type of leader an individual is, their mainRead MoreThe Ohio State Group And The University Of Michigan Group1293 Words   |  6 PagesMany studies looked at behavioral styles, the two important studies are the Ohio State group and the University of Michigan group [11]. †¢ Ohio state group- The researchers sought to identify the independent dimensions of leadership behavior. And over 1000 dimensions were narrowed down to two important categories initiating structures and consideration. Initiating structure is defined as the extent to which a leader defines and structures his and his subordinate’s roles. Consideration is the extentRead MoreTransformational Leadeship in Organizations in the 21st Century1671 Words   |  7 PagesTransformational Leadership in Organizations in the 21st Century Prepared by: Tanya Wilson 9912771 MBA3 Saturday Group A paper submitted for the Leadership and Strategy Implementation Course in partial fulfilment of the Master of Business Administration (MBA) Programme University of Technology, Jamaica July 17, 2010 Table of Contents Page Title Page 1 Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Management versus Leadership Read MoreVince Lombardi Essay1705 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough transformational leadership. According to Peter G. Northouse, a leader is someone that has the ability to inspire and create change that allows others to follow them. They display confidence, determination, intelligence, integrity and sociability (2010, p.5-21). These concepts that are relevant in the workplace are also the same in sports. As a coach you want to motivate your players and work towards a team goal or vision. Karlene Sugarman says that â€Å"leadership is about influencing team

Big Data in Construction Industry

Question: Discuss about big data in construction industry. Answer: Introduction: Big data can be defined as a term that is capable of indicating a huge amount of data. The data can be structured or unstructured or both. In an organisation the volume of the data (structured or unstructured) is not important but analysis of that data is important. Therefore the analysis of big data is very important (Yongho and Seungwoo, 2015). The big data analysis will help the organisation to have a clear idea about the present condition of the organisation including each and every activity that are being performed in the organisation and as a result of this proper strategies and decisions can be taken. With the help of big data an organisation can reduce the costs, reduce the time and also can develop new products. The bag data analysis can also detect fraudulent behaviours and it is done before the organisation is gets affected. The big data analysis can also determine the primary reasons behind the failures, defects and different problems is the organisation (Yongho and Seung woo, 2015). Big Data in Construction Industry: The construction industry is known as one of the most conservative industries. This industry has been facing difficulty in the collection of all the raw data and analysing them since many years. Now with the help of big data analysis these problems can be solved. The main problem in the construction industry i.e. the problem of proper acquisition of the raw data and its application can be solved with the help of big data analysis. Advantages: There are also several advantages that the construction industry can have by using the big data analysis. It helps to predict the pre construction costs and associated risks (Yongho and Seungwoo, 2015). With the help of big data analysis all the employees of the industry can also be managed properly. The big data analysis also helps to enhance the business opportunities. Challenges: There are also some challenges that the construction industries have in order to analyse big data. The industry must use proper quality assessment procedures and proper standards in order to analyse such huge amount of data. As all types of data are included, therefore this diversity creates complexity in the structure of the data and as a result of this the data execution of data integration becomes difficult (Fojud, 2000). Advanced processing technologies are required as the data alters quickly i.e. the timeliness of these data is too short. Application fields in construction: There are many applications of big data can be seen in the smart city. It is capable of providing smart grid, smart health care, smart transportation, and also smart governance (Ibrahim Abaker Targio et al., 2016). The application of big data can also be seen in the BIM. BIM has become more effective by the application of big data. The models of BIM can be analysed in a better way with the help of big data analysis. The management of all the tools and documents can be done more effectively by the application of big data. If the application of the big data analysis can be seen then it can be seen that in United States, this analysis has already been started. A construction company known as Nick Savko Sons which is located in United States is already using the big data analysis and has improved its efficiency, cycle time, idle time and also productivity (Datafloq.com, 2016). Conclusion: From the above discussion it can be concluded that the application of the big data and its analysis is very important in any construction industry. This analysis of big data will provide a lot of benefits to the industry but the industry must contain suitable technologies and methods in order to control and analyse the big data. If the construction industry does not contain such facilities then it will face several difficulties in analysing big data. References Datafloq.com. (2016).Big Data Can Help Construction Companies Deliver Projects On Time. [online] Available at: https://datafloq.com/read/big-data-construction-companies-deliver-projects-t/143 [Accessed 14 Jul. 2016]. Fojud, A. (2000). Multidimensional Data Analysis In Construction Industry.Statyba, 6(6), pp.431-435. Ibrahim Abaker Targio, H., Victor, C., Nor Badrul, A., Kayode, A., Ibrar, Y., Abdullah, G., , Ejaz, A. and Haruna, C. (2016). The role of big data in smart city. International Journal of Information Management. Yongho, K. and Seungwoo, H. (2015). Big Data Analysis based Practical Applications in Construction.

Ronald Schaffers America In The Great War Gives New Insights Into Wor

Ronald Schaffer's America in the Great War gives new insights into World War I. The book gave historical accounts about the war that other books negated to included. The thesis that Schaffer tries to prove that the Great War was the start of the American welfare state and the beginning of "big" government. America in the Great War was structured in chronological order of the war, from America's mobilization to the actual fighting. What the book did not include is a detail account of the fighting. This was the biggest draw back in a otherwise well thought book. The book begins with the mobilization of the United State's industry and man power. The first two chapters dealt with how the Federal Government shaped the view of the war in America's minds. The methods that the Federal Government used varied from propaganda to coercion. The point behind the Federal Government's involvement in propaganda was to rally the country to fight the war. The first step in shaping the people's mind was to get the labor and industry to work together. The Federal Government established committees and teams to persuade the minds of the United States. One of these committees were the Committee on Public Information established in April 13 1917 by order on the President of the United States. The committee was led by George Creel, former social reformer. He had great power in what the United States saw and heard for the next few years. His first order was to manage American minds without directly using propaganda and censorship. Other nations fighting the war practiced wide spread censorship of all war related material. Creel realized that this would not work in the United States, instead he flooded Americans with news. The news released to the public was in such large numbers and in such great detail that Americans could not understand all of it. The Committee on Public Information also produced films. The films were designed to rally Americans behind the war effort. The films were nothing else but propaganda, but Creel designed the films to not come across as propaganda. The committee was very successful in hiding the fact that they were engaging in propaganda. Many Americans believed in the films and supported the war effort, but there were many people who did not. The committee was aware of growing dissent among Americans and took steps to keep that dissent in check. Congress passed many acts that prevented and punished dissent in the Untied States. Three of these acts were the Espionage Act of 1917, the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, and the Sedition Act of 1918. These acts were successful in limiting the amount of discontent towards the war. The price of this limited discontent was the suspension of rights of American citizens. Thousands of Americans suspected of dissension were arrested and convicted of sedition. Americans were encouraged to tell government officials of any kind of anti-war activities that they know about. The government arrested people and sent them to jail for even hinting about anti-war feelings. This created fear among Americans towards the Federal Government, but did succeeded in stopping dissension. The next three chapters focused on the mobilization of American industry to fight the war. In the years before the Great War, America was making the work place a safer and better place to work. Labor unions had power to control wages, hours and working conditions. The Great War for the most part suspended the labor movement. The United States needed to fight a war, and American industry was key in winning that war. The Federal Government became heavily involved in controlling industry. The level of control that the government used was on heard of a few years ago. American labor suffered during the Great War. Advances that labor gained before the war were suspended. Industry could again work it's employees longer and in unsafe working conditions. The workers were paid well during the Great War. The Federal Government paid the industries based on their cost to produce the products. This type of payment encouraged the industries to pay their workers very highly, knowing the government would pay them higher. The war provided the excuse for the government to take control of industry. A good example of this control is in the railroad industry. Before the war, the railroad industry enjoyed limited government control. As a result different companies had different rail lines and different prices. When America joined the Great War, the Federal Government took complete control of the railroads.

Risk factors, staging, and treatment of breast cancer

Introduction Breast cancer is a disease that originates from the breast tissue and the curative time of the patient is dependent on the level of spread and to what organs it has spread to. In the advent of new technology, computer models have been programmed and developed to help in the staging process and determine how long a person is going to live. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Risk factors, staging, and treatment of breast cancer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With best treatments available, most of the breast cancer patients can survive up to ten years with a 98% to 10% disease free body within this period. On the other hand, it has been discovered that breast cancer is the most common type of cancer especially with women with the total percentage of 10% of all the kinds of cancer. This does not mean that it does not attack men but the probability is higher in women. If the diagnosis is fast a nd early, then the spread rate can be stemmed or even eliminated altogether. This requires the use of trained oncologists with the right equipments to be able to remove it from the stem altogether or if a cure is impossible then the patient’s life can be significantly prolonged with the aid of a cancer drugs. This is so because huge amounts of resources have been used in the research and the development of the breast cancer drugs that in effect help the body to combat the cancer by providing additional immune to boost the fighting power of the body. Additionally in the process of research, new methods that are effective the fight against drugs have been experimented and proven to be effective in the fight against the breast cancer. However, breast cancer remains a killer disease and more research needs to be conducted to ensure that its prevalence level is reduced (Hart, 2007). Age Age is very instrumental in determining the risk a woman has in getting breast cancer and the risk to get the breast cancer increases significantly as the woman ages. For instance it has been found that a woman living up to the age of 90 years has a risk factor of up to 14% to contact the cancer compared to a middle aged woman. The manner in which cancer attacks the two age’s differences is quite different. Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In older women, the cancer spreads slowly and is not as severe but in younger woman it attacks more vigorously and is difficult to control. In addition, it has also been out that in most cases of breast cancer in older people, a higher depression rate among the patients was noted, and this contributes to the faster death as compared to the younger people. This is because young people have the necessary hope to fight on due to the life before them but the older people have lost hope in life and when they are diagnosed most tends to seclude themselves or live in denial. This means that in the research for breast cancer apart from trying to develop cures and ways to eliminate the cancer, lots of research should also be done on the psychological support programs to help stem this tide (Hart, 2007). Gender Men have a lower risk of getting breast cancer compared to women but the risk is appearing to be on the increase in men too. This has been noted especially in the men with prostate cancer and in the case a man is affected the prognosis even in the first stage is very aggressive and worse than in women. The treatment for the cancer in men is the same as the treatment for an older woman and is a combination of surgery radiation and chemotherapy. Genetics Change or mutations of genes in our bodies can also increase the probability of having cancerous cells in the breasts. This is supported by studies that explicitly show that up to 10% of all breast cancers are hereditary. This is supported by the fact that women with both hereditary genes of breast cancer gene 1 and breast cancer gene2 have a higher risk of developing breast cancer with women having breast cancer gene 1 accounting for over 5% of all the cancers that occur. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Risk factors, staging, and treatment of breast cancer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human epidermal growth receptor 2(HER2) is another gene that is found on the surface on the human skin and can increase the chance or probability of acquiring breast cancer. This is caused by the over production of the HER2 cells when the gene is altered. If this happens, then aggressive tumor cells develop which account to about 25-30% of all the cancer patients. If the p53 gene undergoes mutation then the risk is even more. This is confirmed by the studies that have shown that women with this mutated gene have a poorer breast cancer outcome than those tha t do not posses this gene (Ellmann, 2009). Family history The family history deeply increases the risk of having breast cancer especially if a close member had the cancer. To the victims whose mother or father had the cancer then the risk doubles. The following people have a risk of having the cancer depending on the background and according to the genetics. These conditions can increase breast cancer Having relatives with breast cancer Having relatives with two different kinds of cancer Having a male relative with case or cases of breast cancer .If the same family is of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage then the odds are even more A family history that includes history of diseases such as hereditary breast cancer and diseases such as Li-Fraumeni or even Cowdens Syndromes Diet It has been shown that there are higher rates and incidence of the breast cancer in areas that have high fat yield content in their diet like in the USA compared with the low fat yield places like Japan. However, th e link between the two is not straight and is dependent on the type of fats that a woman has. Monounsaturated fats are linked to low breast cancer risk compared with polyunsaturated fats that have a slightly higher prevalence. A study was conducted in the USA that showed that despite the link between the diet and the cancer, the reduction of fats in the diet does not automatically mean or lead to a reduction in the risk of having the breast cancer. However, it was found out that there is a 9% reduction rate in the postmenopausal women if they followed a strict low fat diet. In the end, it was decided that the cutting of fats in the diet can cause a reduced rate of risk in some women but they did not have the necessary solid evidence to make conclusions. Hormone replacement therapy Recent studies have indicated the use of this kind of therapy can add to the risk of breast cancer. In the year 2002 a study was carried out by the group Women heath initiative and it was found out that in they were eight cases of invasive breast cancer in about 10000 women. This represented an increase of about 26% compared to those who did not have the hormone replacement therapy. Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the same note, it was found out that between the years 2002 and 2003 there was an increase in the prevalence rate of the breast cancer. Although the tests and the results are not conclusive or even solid, this little link has alarmed experts who believe that women seeking hormone replacement therapy should consult an expert on the matter to ensure that they are well informed (Foster, 2008). Tobacco It had not been discovered that tobacco smoking could cause an increase of breast cancer until the beginning of the mid 1990’s when a number of studies were conducted on the same topic. The study had disturbing results that predicted a higher risk rate for both active and passive smokers. Based on the epidemiological studies and the mammary carcinogens, the rate had reached 70% by 2005. In the year 2006, another study was done which pegged the risk rate at a higher rate due to the risk of non-smokers who are passive smokers. This is especially rife in young women who can suffer from an increased risk rate of up to 70% if they are in their primary pre-menopausal stage because at this stage, the breast tissue is sensitive to the carcinogens; they are still young, and not fully developed Staging of breast cancer This process is used to determine the level in which the cancer has attacked the body making a diagnosis. Knowing the stage of the cancer is very important since the doctor gets to know the best way on which to offer treatment and how to determine the prognosis of the cancer (Foster, 2008). The staging is done in stages that are: Stage 0: This is called the pre-cancerous state because the cancer cells are located in the milk duct and have not yet spread to the breast tissue or have not invaded the nodes or distant sites. Such cancers like lobular carcinoma can be classified as stage 0 cancer. Stage 1: The cancer has started spreading to the other parts of the breast and the tumor is less than 2cm long however the cancer cells have not spread to the lymph nodes or even the distant cells. Stage II: This stage is divided into two categories namely stageIIA and stageIIB. In stage II, the tumor will be located and restricted to the breast with no further spreading. Finally, the tumor can be more than 2cm but less than 5cm and has not yet spread to the auxiliary nodes or the distant sites. StageIIB can involve cancer cells that have a tumor larger the 2cm but being less than 5cm. At this stage, the cancer cells will have spread to auxiliary nodes but the distant cells will be safe. In addition, during the later stages of the stage, the tumor is more than 5cm long but the spread to the chest walls will not have started. This stage also has the cells localized and have not spread to the distant sites Stage III has three sub categories that are categorized according to the level of spreading the cancer has undergone. In stageIIIA, the tumor is less than 5cm in diameter and the cells have spread to 4-9 auxiliary nodes but not to the dis tant sites. The tumor can be larger than 5cm in diameter and the cells having spread to the mammary nodes but the distant sites will still be healthy. In stageIIIB,the tumor can take up any size and the spread will have encroached the chest walls. The spreading of the cancer can be to the auxiliary nodes in the breast themselves or the lymph nodes that are near the breastbones. Finally in stageIIIC the tumor can be of any size and the cancer cells having spread to 10 0r more of the auxiliary cells or even to 1 or more of the regional lymph nodes or even to the internal mammary glands StageIV: At this stage, the tumor can take up any size depending on the attack and the cancerous cells might have spread to the lymph nodes that are nearby. In most cases, the cells will have spread to the distant cells (Foster, 2008). Treatment of cancer Treatment of breast cancer is dependent on the stage the cancer is and the whether the cells are sensitive to hormones. Personal preferences also com e into effect with many people preferring one method of treatment to another because of their own reasons. Overall, these methods are all-effective and are all instrumental in ensuring that all the cells are ejected from the body. Treatment methods The most common method is surgery. In surgery, there are many forms all depending on the level of spread and the staging. A lumpectomy is an effective way ot breast cancer treatment because the removes the entire tumor plus some surrounding cell tissues that are healthy. This method is however reserved for the smaller tumors. The entire breast can also be removed (mastectomy).In this method the doctor usually removes all the breast tissue and all the parts that border or are integral with the breast. The surgery can also be performed by removing one lymph node, this is because the cancer will have spread to that lymph alone and if removed the chance of finding cancer in other cells is very low to the point that the surgeon leaves all the other parts intact. On the other hand, several lymph nodes can also be removed depending on the level of spread (Ellmann, 2009). Radiation therapy â€Å"This kind of therapy involves the use of high-powered beams of energy to kill the cancer cell† (Ellmann, 2009, p. 49). It is done using a big machine that emits the rays to ensure that all the cancerous cells are killed. In most cases, some doctors will recommend this therapy instead of mastectomy to be able to save the entire breast tissue. Chemotherapy â€Å"This process involves the use of drugs to destroy the cancer cells† (Connolly, 2008, p. 52). Some doctors can recommend chemotherapy after surgery to avoid the cells forming again and it can be used before surgery to allow the tumor to shrink to a level where it can be safely removed. It is used in women whose breast cancer has spread to the other organs present in the body Hormone therapy â€Å"This is another of treatment to treat breast cancers especially is the cells are sensitive to hormones† (Backus, 2005, p. 379). It can be used after a surgery to make sure that the cancer does not rejuvenate or it can be used to reduce the size of the tumor before any surgery can be done. The drugs also prevent the hormones from attaching themselves to the cancer cells or they help to eliminate the production of estrogen especially in menopausal women . One disadvantage of these drugs is that they are only used for postmenopausal women. Herceptin breast cancer metastatic treatment Due to the increased level of research and dedication, new methods have been developed to curb the spread of breast cancer. One of this is by the use of herceptin breast cancer metastatic treatment. This kind of therapy is injected in the body by the use of a needle and can be used together with the other types of breast cancer drugs .It is new and still not in use especially in the developing world but its use is catching on. References Backus, M. (2005). Is the re a role for iodine in breast. The Breast, 10 (5), 379–382. Connolly, T. (2008). Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders. Ellmann, R. (2009). Breast carcinoma in men: a population-based study. Cancer, 101 (1), 51–58. Foster, J. (2008). Metalloestrogens: an emerging class of inorganic xenoestrogens with potential to add to the oestrogenic burden of the human breast. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 26 (3), 191–198. Hart, C. (2007). Breast Cancer. London: Faber Faber. This research paper on Risk factors, staging, and treatment of breast cancer was written and submitted by user Laila Good to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Affects of Emotions on Job Satisfaction and Commitment in the Workplace Essay Example

The Affects of Emotions on Job Satisfaction and Commitment in the Workplace Essay Example The Affects of Emotions on Job Satisfaction and Commitment in the Workplace Essay The Affects of Emotions on Job Satisfaction and Commitment in the Workplace Essay The Affects of Emotions on Job Satisfaction and Commitment in the Workplace ?The workplace is an environment filled with all kinds of people and personalities that come together and work for a common goal. Since it is rare that two people will have the same personality types, workers will always have different ways to solving problems and finding methods to complete tasks. Whether workers express how they are feeling openly or keep to themselves, emotions have an effect on job satisfaction and commitment. Both positive and negative emotions will affect how a person will describe their satisfaction with their job (Fisher 185). Depending on their emotions, workers will either be more committed at the workplace or less committed, and this could change daily. ?Sometimes, emotions can affect a workers commitment while on the job; a worker could have other things running through their mind and might not be as focused as they should be. Even though some emotions affect their commitment in the workplace, it is their emotions that are caused by things outside the workplace that affect their performance in the workplace. A worker could have carryover stressors that arise from problems at home andthose stressors are brought with them into the workplace (Schieman, McBrier and Van Gundy 138). Some daysemployees might be angry because they have so many things to do and not have enough time to do it, or worried about something or someone. When employees do allow their emotions that arousefrom home to affect them while they are at work, doesn’t necessarily mean that they aren’t going to work, it simply means that they will not be as focused because it is affecting their work-role (Schieman, McBrier and Van Gundy 138). This isn’t hard to understand either because as more and more women are joining the work force every day, many families have to share the household roles, as each has their own work roles as well. This means that men as well as women, have a larger amount of responsibility in their everyday lives and sometimes that can spillover intoworkplace causing some employees to allow this to affect their work. And while this affects job commitment, it also affects a workers job satisfaction. When discussing emotions in the workplace, one needs to realize that emotions can change very quickly, and workers could even feel different emotions at the same time. The New York Times did a survey in 2005, finding that employees that were closely supervised and isolated were feeling depressed in the workplace. Much of the satisfaction that employees get from the workplace comes from the work itself (Fisher 188). Emotions can change very quickly, an employee could be happy until their boss comes u p to them and tells them that they have to turn in a file by five o’clock, and the employeehasn’t even started working on it yet. When non work stressors spillover into the work place it can also affect job rewards and status (Schieman, McBrier and Van Gundy 141). When an employee doesn’t feel like they are achieving much in the workplace, it can lead to a decrease in job satisfaction. Emotions easily change from positive to negative or the other way around, and depending on the moment an employee’s satisfaction will differ, however it is highly unlikely that a worker will both very unhappy and very happy at the same time (Fisher 188). So job satisfaction depends on worker and how they feel about going to work. Obviously those who enjoy going to work and enjoy what they do at work will have a high sense of job satisfaction. While those who are stuck in a cubicle all day and don’t communicate with anyone won’t have the same sense of job satisfaction. ?I have had a job where I could not stand the thought of going to work, knowing that I would be doing the same thing as I did yesterday and it wasn’t going to change. In high school, I worked for my best friend’s father and he hired me as an assistant file clerk. My job was to make sure all the bills were paid for and filed in the correct folder. I sat at a desk all day, away from everyone else at the office and had to do the same thing everyday all summer. I just got bored from doing the same thing over and over every day for two months straight. Whenever I got the chance I would leave my desk and go see what everyone else was doing mainly because I just needed to break the monotonous work I had been doing for hours. It just seemed like everyone who was working there, hated it. Everyone was doing their own thing and really wasn’t interacting with the other workers in the business. I just didn’t understand how someone can hire all these people and not allow them to exchange ideas or ways of doing things. ?In all, emotions have an important affect on job satisfaction and commitment in the workplace. Workers want to have a job that is they believe is meaningful and makes them happy. When emotions are brought into the workplace from outside sources, it will affect how an employee performs in the workplace. The happier a person is the better that person will perform and the more committed they will be in the workplace. References Fisher C. D. (2000) Mood and Emotions while Working: Missing Pieces of Job Satisfaction? [Electronic version]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 185-202. Schieman S. , McBrier D. B and Van Gundy K. (2003) Home-to-Work Conflict, Work Qualities, and Emotional Distress [Electronic version]. Sociological Forum, 18, 137-164.

Research Methods in Sales and Marketing for Tourism Essay

Research Methods in Sales and Marketing for Tourism - Essay Example Furthermore, the proponent provides examples in their application in the tourism sector. Quantitative research method Quantitative research is a common method used in investigating or finding information in various fields of studies. This method ensures that information can be transformed into figures for quantitative analysis. Quantitative research method preserves neutrality and sees to it that there will be no bias since the collected data will be used for quantitative analysis, so it is more numerically measurable (Bennett, 1986; Shi, 2008). In quantitative analysis, there is a need to come up with objective output because a researcher deals with figures and transforms them into essential information that can be subjected to more meaningful interpretation and source of information. One common quantitative research method is experimental method. In experimental method, the researcher could potentially obtain information from certain observations under controlled condition. Thus, t here are important things that need to be considered prior to obtaining the most essential information and one of them is to ensure the significance and validity of the entire method used. Quantitative research is quite flexible but its potential drawback could be its not being able to potentially explain all types of phenomena (Muijs, 2004). Qualitative research method Qualitative statements and concepts comprise the body of qualitative analysis (Shi, 2008). Qualitative research method still applies numerical data which potentially include counting and assigning numbers to observations, but the presence of qualitative statement and concepts prevail as its general core foundation. Thus, it may still turn out that all information under qualitative approach cannot be numerical in nature but in a verbal form (Creswell, 2003). Observations which are integral components of qualitative statements and analyses are important in qualitative research method because they would ensure that the analysis will be well presented and the research aim is substantially obtained. An interview for instance regarding certain issue may focus more on understanding the framework of the subject and this could potentially concentrate the analysis on general qualitative information. Qualitative method therefore can be done at multiple levels of analysis (Piekkari and Welch, 2004). This means a researcher could still potentially find information in using this method even at various levels of analysis. An interview or focus group for instance can essentially initiate this because what the researcher needs is to integrate various concepts or frameworks in order to bring the entire analysis at different levels, depending on the actual objectives. However, one general and potential drawback of qualitative method is that the sample size is small and non-random, making findings most likely not conclusive at some point (VanderStoep and Johnson, 2008). The differences It is noted based on the abo ve discussion that both methods of research; the quantitative and qualitative have potential advantages and drawbacks. Furthermore, they are an entirely different approaches; that is why they have significant noted difference. In the case of quantitative method of research such as survey or experimentation, it is important to have remarkable number of samples in order to make certain that the conclusion is conclusive. Sample should be numerically or statistically significant. On

The Future Success of Sony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

The Future Success of Sony - Essay Example One of the main market segments, where Sony is still the market leader, is the gaming market. But competitors are soon catching up and it needs to innovate and make its But competitors are soon catching up and it needs to innovate and make its PlayStation better as competitors. Microsoft and Nintendo have already released their next generation consoles and it is high time that Sony releases its and makes the experience far better than the previous ones. The portable music player is another segment that the company has lost its market share, mainly to competitor Apple. In order to regain its market share, it has to come up with a new and innovative product that is more than just a music player. Instead of competing directly with iPod, Sony must try coming up with a product that is going to shake up the segment, like it has done with Walkman years ago or for matter for of fact Apple has done with iPod. It needs to reinvent itself in the television market as dominance in this market will result in an increase in demand for other products also. As it failed to identify the potential in the LCD market, it is now trying to play catch up. Instead, it must try coming up with next-generation televisions which is better than the LCDs. There are other segments to where the company needs to implement product innovation if it has to justice to the brand name it has achieved and replicate the success of the past. One of the major strengths of Sony us that it is considered to be a premium brand by consumers as it has gained the reputation of producing high quality, technically superior, innovative and reliable products. Hence, products coming out of it are generally considered by the consumers to be among the best. Like Apple, it is also a lifestyle brand which means that consumers take pride in owning Sony products. This is a great platform for the company to market and sell its products. The main weakness of the company is the brand image that it has acquired in the recent past. It is now seen as the shadow of its past successes. It has been criticised for not tapping new opportunities and failing to innovate. The company was once a market leader/innovator but now has become a follower. Its overall financial performance has not been encouraging to shareholders.

The Replacement and Cosntinuity Models Essay Example for Free

The Replacement and Cosntinuity Models Essay Paleonthropologists generally use the following 2 models to explain the origins of modern humans. The replacement model The continuity model   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Each of these models has its basis that could be traced back to hundred of years ago. The two models would be discussed explicitly with the use of examples for easy understanding. The Replacement Model   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This model was founded by Christopher Stringer and Peter Andrews. They proposed that modern humans evolved from archaic Homo Sapiens 200,000 – 150,000 ( 2000 centuries ago) only in Africa and then some of them migrated into the rest of the world due to one reason or the other replacing all of the Neanderthals and other late archaic Homo Sapiens beginning around 1000 centuries ago. Since the interpretation of this fossil record is accepted by some people, it means all people today or modern humans share a relatively modern African ancestry which simply means we are all Africans. All other lines of humans that had descended from Homo erectus presumably became extinct.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As we can see, the regional anatomical differences that we can among humans today are recent growths evolving mostly in the last 400 centuries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This hypothesis is also referred to as the Noah’s ark or African replacement model. The accepted view of the out of Africa model is that Africa exchanged genes with Eurasia, which shared genes with East and Southeast Asia and there are two evidences supporting the replacement model: the fossil record and DNA. So far, the earliest form of modern Homo sapiens skeletons came from Africa. This simply means that there are no homo sapiens existing today that would not be traced back to Africa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though John Relethford and other critics of the replacement model have had the greatest diversity in DNA simply because there were more people living in Africa during the last several years and this would lead us to the explanation of continuity or multi-regional model. The Continuity Model   Ã‚  This model was advocated by Milford Wolpoff, of the University of Michigan, he proposed that modern humans evolved more or less simultaneously or at the same time in all major regions of the old world from local archaic homo sapiens. Which means that homo erectus were available in all regions of the earth ever since inception. The hypothesis of this model states that modern homo sapiens had multiple origins from existing local populations. Each local population of archaic humans gave rise to a population of modern humans. This model was formulated around 1992 at University of Michigan. ( Turnbaugh, et. al# 323) . They advance their claim by stating that through gene flow, the archaic Homo sapiens gene was given greater variability thus enabling it to produce greater adaptations. By this process, they assume that we modern humans materialized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From a personal perspective, it is the continuity model that makes more sense. Because it claims that modern human came into existence through Homo erectus that was available in all region of the earth. This means that each region has its founding homo erectus.    Example I to support personal view   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Modern Chinese are seen as having evolved from Chinese archaic Homo sapiens and Homo erectus. This means that the Chinese and some other people in the world have great antiquity in place.    Example II to support personal view Indonesia/Australia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Medley of cranial features is used to argue that modern aborigines are descended from Javanese Homo erectus. The traits that were familiar between the Javanese Homo erectus and the modern humans living in Indonesia and Australia regions include: Receding forehead Facial prognathism Source Jorgen Holm in   Human evolution

Contributions Of Martin Luther King

Contributions Of Martin Luther King Martin Luther was a controversial Christian theologian who made a significant contribution towards both the development and expression of Christianity. Luther questioned the widespread corruption of the Catholic Church, exceptionally prevalent during his lifetime. He preached that faith alone justifies salvation, as opposed to good works, an emphasis being promulgated by the clergy. Additionally, Luther highlighted the importance of Scripture as he believed that the message of Jesus had become misplaced amongst an overemphasis on ritual and symbolism. He quoted Romans (1:16-17) For I am not ashamed of the Good News; it is the power of God saving all who have faithà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Accordingly, Luther believed that Jesus Christ was the ultimate model for human behaviour. These three key understandings were to ultimately shape the far-reaching contribution Martin Luther would provide to Christianity. Evaluate the contribution of ONE significant person or school of thought in Christianity (6 marks) Martin Luther was a controversial Christian theologian who made a significant and far reaching contribution towards both the development and expression of Christianity. Born in 1483, Luther lived during a time of widespread corruption within the Catholic Church. Especially of concern to Luther was the sale of indulgences, simony and nepotism amongst church leadership. The impact of the Black Death had left a largely uneducated clergy in Europe. These leaders utilised many forms of corruption to ensure wealth for the Catholic Church, and promised purchasers of indulgences and relics a ticket to heaven. In response to these problems in 1517, Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses to the door of the Wittenburg Church. Luther wished to reform the Catholic Church and to reassure Christian adherents that salvation was attainable through their faith, not through good works. Additionally, Luther highlighted the importance of Scripture as he believed that the message of Jesus had become misplaced amongst an overemphasis on tradition, ritual and symbolism. He quoted Romans (1:16-17) For I am not ashamed of the Good News; it is the power of God saving all who have faithà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Accordingly, Luther believed that Jesus Christ was the ultimate model for human behaviour. Luthers actions and consequent excommunication (1521) from the Catholic Church were to ultimately shape his contribution to Christianity. Although the 95 these would be addressed at the Council of Trent (1545-63), the Council essentially dismissed Luthers calls for reform. However, his impact remained. Luther inspired other reformers and ultimately a new Protestant variant of Christianity (and within it Luthers own denomination the Lutheran church) resulted. Assess the contribution of ONE significant person or school of thought in Christianity (20 marks) Martin Luther was a controversial Christian theologian who made a significant contribution towards both the development and expression of Christianity. Luther was concerned with the widespread corruption prevalent within the Catholic Church during his lifetime, and the subsequent failure of the Catholic Church to address these issues. Three key understandings would lead Martin Luther to devote his life to transforming Catholicism. Firstly, Luther reassured Christian adherents that salvation was attainable through their faith, not through good works. Secondly, he highlighted the importance of Scripture, as he believed that the message of Jesus had become misplaced amongst an overemphasis on tradition, ritual and symbolism. He quoted Romans (1:16-17) For I am not ashamed of the Good News; it is the power of God saving all who have faithà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This lead to Luthers third key understanding, that Jesus Christ was the ultimate model for human behaviour. Christianity before Luther: Simony Nepotism Indulgences (Salvation) Priesthood Corruption Sacraments Papal Authority Black Death Transubstantiation (Eucharist is the body and blood of Christ) Wealth of Catholic Church inequalities and spiritual shallowness (Luther) Unethical behaviour Expression/practices over ritualised Luthers Actions: 1517 95 theses on church door Defied the Catholic Church Excommunication (1521) Ultimately, the formation of new VARIANT of Christianity (but remember this was never Luthers INTENTION he wanted to REFORM the Catholic Church). Lutheran Church based on Luthers views of what individuals need to attain Salvation Sacraments (2) Baptism and Eucharist Consubstantiation (Eucharist representative of body and blood of Christ) Salvation attainable by the individual, based on ones faith Publication of Bible in local vernacular German Scripture focus of religion Authority Jesus/God Married clergy Liturgy less formal and less ritualised Christianity after Luther: Widespread questioning of Catholic Church Birth of new Christian variant Protestantism Development of Protestant denomination: Lutheran, Calvinist Baptists, Church of England etc Whilst Luthers protests started à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦as an effort to purify the life and teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, it eventually produced separate churches that grew into a third major strand of Christianity to stand alongside Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism. (Living Religion text p98) Counter Reformation (the catholic Churchs response to the Protestant Reformation) Council of Trent from 1545-1563 upheld papal primacy by proclaiming that Scripture and tradition are equally important and complementary sources of Gods revelation, and by clarifying the Roman Catholic belief in the seven sacraments. The Evangelical Awakening a dramatic spiritual renewal in Western Christianity Vatican II the twenty-first ecumenical council in the history of the Catholic Church (1962-1965). Three major aims spiritual renewal in the light of the gospel, updating church teaching, discipline and organization, and the promotion of unity for all Christians (ecumenism) Describe the contribution of ONE significant person or school of thought in Islam (3 marks) Imam Al Shafi is a significant and influential person within Islamic history. Undertaking a systematic revision and organisation of the existing Muslim law, Al Shafi established a system of interpretation of Islamic jurisprudence which he termed Usul al-Fiqh. This method incorporated the already existing sources of jurisprudence, the Quran and the Sunnah, however, it dictated additional authority to both the Ijma and the Qiyas. Shafi was inspired by the teachings of Muhammad, who believed in the importance of the scholar since à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the cure of ignorance is to ask and learn. Evaluate the contribution of ONE significant person or school of thought in Islam (6 marks) Imam Al Shafi (767-820CE) is a significant individual within Islam. Shafi was born during a time when confusion and disorder over the Islamic law was creating social instability and corruption within society. Al-Shafi wished to resolve the differences between the two existing schools of thought in order to create a uniform response to situations which arose throughout the many new Islamised states, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦his historic achievement was to forestall the development of independent regional systems based on Medina or Kufaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Ruthven) Shafi dedicated himself to this task in his firm belief that the purity of the faith had to be maintained. Al Shafis creation of a unified system of jurisprudence subsequently allowed greater cooperation within the Islamic world. In the Kitab al-Risala, Shafi outlined Usul al-Fiqh which emphasised the importance of the Quran, Sunnah, Ijma and the Qiyas. Of these he believed that the Quran as the divine word of Allah held the most significance. Additionally, Shafis commitment to determining the isnad, or chain of transmission of the hadith, earned him enormous respect amongst scholarly circles. Shafis interpretation of Islamic jurisprudence eventually led to the creation of the third major Sunni school of thought. This interpretation of Sharia law continues to be followed by millions of Muslims in contemporary society. Assess the contribution of ONE significant person or school of thought in Islam (20 marks) INTROUCTORY REMARKS: Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi (767-820) significantly influenced the development of the Islamic faith. Responsible for establishing the four foundations of fiqh (usul al Fiqh), Al-Shafi is considered the founder of a unified interpretation of Islamic law or jurisprudence. Furthermore, through the consequent evolution of his own school of Islamic thought, Al-Shafi continues to make a significant contribution to the development of both the belief and practices of Islam in the contemporary world. BASIC OUTLINE BEFORE Al-Shafi: Social and economic tensions problems raised by ruling and administering a diverse and rapidly growing empire Often geographic and cultural influences determined the response of the interpretation of the law Al-Shafi believed that laws which were valid in one place were not necessarily so in another and therefore required systemisation to ensure the purity of the Islamic faith. Legal decisions had come to be based on tradition of the people not Muhammad this was because Difficulty interpreting Islamic law following death of Muhammad TWO schools of law already established Imam Malik (700-767) and Imam Hanifa (716-795) Rationalists based their beliefs on the teachings of the Quran. However, Quran had little legislative material (Hanifa) Traditionalists based their beliefs on the teachings of the Sunnah. However, the model of living (Sunnah) encountered new challenges which needed to be addressed (Malik) THEREFORE: A revision and systemisation of Islamic law needed. Shariah is not a clearly articulated set of rules available for immediate reference. Instead, it includes interpretations of revealed sources the Quran and the Sunnah. Shafi insisted on an established set response to these situations which could be applied across the newly Islamised states Shafi joined the Hadith scholars to determine the chain of transmission (isnad) and therefore the authenticity of the hadith Shafi studied under Malik and combined his own interpretation, along with that of Malik and Hanafi to create a synthesised response. According to Ruthven: Despite the differences between the three principal schoolsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ they were generally agreed in accepting the system of roots developed by Shafi. For that reason his role as the greatest systematiser of early Islamic law makes him more than just the founder of one of the four madhhabs. Viewed retrospectively, his historic achievement was to forestall the development of independent regional legal systems based on Medina or Kufaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ this supreme intellectual achievement makes Shafi one of the great unifiers of Islam. RESPONSE: Shafis book Kitab al-Risala Usul al-Fiqh (or al-Risala) cited FOUR sources of Fiqh (practical application of the Sharia): Quran words of Allah Sunnah actions of Muhammad Al-Shafi puritanical view Muhammad words, not those of his companions. Isnads to be authentic (in accordance with the chain of transmission) Ijma (consensus) of the Muslim community. Previously the ijma of the scholars (ijtihad) had been consulted the Quran and the Sunnah. Shafi insisted on the ijma of the people. Qiyas (analogy) strict systematic reasoning Al-Shafi believed that because Allah had provided, in Sharia, a guide for all human life, it must be possible to extend, by use of analogy, the application of legal material in the Quran and the Sunnah so that they apply to other cases. An example of his contribution to the expression of Islam can be found in his interpretation of Sura 4:43 which claims that men are unclean for prayer if they have touched women. This was taken by Shafi to mean any physical touching including accidentally bumping into a woman. It was therefore further extended to apply to the practice of washing before prayer (ghusl). This was Al-Shafis system of determining Islamic jurisprudence. There are many different interpretations based upon the five different schools: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi, Hanbali (Sunni) and Jaffari (Shia). The School of Islamic Fiqh, established by Imam Al-Shafis students, provides interpretations of law which are used by all four Sunni schools of law. Islamic legal tradition practices pluralism that allows it to maintain that these schools may differ in their legal opinions, but remain equally valid (they have consulted the same sources to reach a legal decision). Describe one significant practice within Christianity (3 marks) The sacrament of Baptism is a rite of passage undertaken by adherents symbolising their initiation into the Christian tradition. Although not all Christians identify with the physical nature of the rite, such as the age of the initiate and the rituals utilised, all Christians are marked with the sign of the cross. Similarly, all Christians are baptised with the recitation of the words, I baptise you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. The belief in the Trinity, the rejection of Satan and the forgiveness of sins are common elements in the baptism ceremony across the Christian variants. Demonstrate how one significant practice within Christianity expresses the central beliefs of this religious tradition (6 marks) Baptism begins the spiritual journey for the adherent within their faith community emphasising the importance of being in touch with, and striving to understand, the transcendent. Baptism symbolises the divine nature of the Christian tradition and makes present the central beliefs through the repetition of sacred stories and ritualistic actions. The belief in the Trinity, the rejection of Satan and the forgiveness of sins are common elements in the baptism ceremony across the Christian variants. In each of the Christian variants, baptism is the Churchs way of celebrating and enacting the embrace of God and the promise of salvation. Peter replied, repent and be baptisedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Acts 2:38-39). At the time of Christ it signified that the person being baptised became a follower of Christ and acquired a relationship with him. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I (Paul) also baptised the house of Stephanasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (1 Corinthians 1:16) Early baptisteries (the part of the church where baptism happened) showed that a person was led down steps to be immersed in water before emerging on the other side. There was, and remains, an identification with Jesus dying and rising. The Catholic Catechism recognises that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦From the beginning, the revealed truth of the Holy Spirit has been at the very root of the Churchs living faith, principally by means of baptism. Within Orthodox Christianity the rite of baptism has four roles. Firstly, to remove original sin, to remove all other sins committed before the time of baptism if the person is beyond the age of infancy, to unite the person to the community of believers and to open the door of salvation and eternal life to him or her. Analyse one practice within Christianity explaining its significance to both the individual and the faith community (20 marks) The sacrament of Baptism is a rite of passage undertaken by believers in celebrating, symbolising and making present the central beliefs of the religious tradition of Christianity. It is an experiential religious act involving the transformation of the individual. Baptism as a rite of initiation welcomes the individual into the Christian tradition and links the individual, community and divine. However, not all Christians identify with the physical nature of the rite. Quakers believe that the whole of life is sacramental. To be a member of Christs body involves no outward rite, it requires instead an inward transformation of ones whole life. While other denominations have differences involving the rituals used and the age of the initiate. Baptism celebrates a familys and a communitys love for the initiate who is welcomed into the community of believers. The candidate (infant or adult) is provided with a god-parent/ sponsor to help them with their initiation as a Christian. Baptise first the children, and if they can speak for themselves let them do so. Otherwise their parents or other relatives speak for them. (Hippolytus in the Apostolic Tradition c.215) For Catholics, the sacrament of Baptism is the first step in a lifelong journey of commitment and discipleship. It is followed by years of catechesis before being completed late by Confirmation and the Eucharist, the summit of Christian initiation. Baptism is the Churchs way of celebrating and enacting the embrace of God and the promise of salvation. Peter replied, Repent and be baptised (Acts 2: 38-39) Baptism happens not only to the individual, but also the wider Church. At the time of Christ it signified that the person being baptised became a follower of Christ and acquired a relationship with him. I (Paul) also baptised the household of Stephanas (1 Corinthians 1:16) The rite is celebrated with the community present and actively participating. It is the community, who will journey with them throughout their life. Infant Baptism is the preferred form of the rite for both Catholic and Orthodox Christians. However, adult Baptism may also occur. The Christian initiation of adults for both Catholic and Orthodox Christians begins with their entry into the catechumenate and reaches its culmination usually at Easter in a single celebration of the three sacraments of initiation: Baptism, Confirmation and the Eucharist. Baptism symbolises the divine nature of the Christian tradition. It emphasises the importance of being in touch with, and striving to understand, the transcendent. This includes comprehending the purpose of life and the nature of life after death. Early baptisteries (the part of the church where baptism happened) showed that a person was led down steps to be immersed in water before emerging on the other side. There was identification with Jesus dying and rising. On behalf of the child (infant baptism) or as an adult the ceremony of initiation occurs. This includes the symbolism of water and oil and the declaration of faith. The water represents life and recalls the baptism of Christ by John the Baptist. The Baptisimal candle symbolises Christian status as an Easter people, and signifies the passing on of faith to those being baptised. The white garment represents the Churchs belief that Baptism sets them free from Original Sin and lets them put on Christ. Immediately following the baptism of the child in Orthodox Christianity Chrismation occurs. In this practice, the Orthodox Church differs from the Roman Catholic and Protestant Churches where the two sacraments are often separated. Orthodox Christians believe baptism is a personal participation in Easter the death and resurrection of Christ, and Chrismation a personal participation in Pentecost- the coming of the Holy Spirit as the children receive the seal of the gift of the Holy Spirit (Romans 8). The child then receives new clothes. The Priest together with the Godparent and the child walks around the Font, three times. Each time he chants: As many of you as have been baptised into Christ, have put on Christ. Alleluia. (Galatians 3:27) The infant is then tonsured, where four pieces of the childs hair are cut in the sign of the cross. As the child is now recognised as a full member of the church he/she receives Holy Communion. Baptism makes present the central beliefs of the Christian tradition through the repetition of sacred stories and ritualistic actions. Baptism begins the spiritual journey for the adherent. The lighting of the Pascal (Liturgical Year) Candle at the Catholic ceremony, links the initiated to a life of union with the Church. This candle is light for the individual at their Baptism and again at their funeral service. The candidate is also marked with the common sign of the initiated the sign of the cross and the recitation of the words, I baptise you in the name of t he Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. The belief in the Trinity, the rejection of Satan and the forgiveness of sins are all evidenced in the Baptismal ceremony. The catholic Catechism recognises that From the beginning, the revealed truth of the Holy Spirit has been at the very root of the Churchs living faith, principally by means of Baptism. Within Orthodox Christianity the rite of Baptism has four roles. Firstly, to remove original sin, to remove all other sins committed before the time of Baptism if the person is beyond the age of infancy, to unite the person to the community of believers and to open the door of salvation and eternal life to him or her. The Gospel read at the ceremony reinforces the belief in the presence of God. And Jesus came and said to them, All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptising them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, to the close of the age. (Matthew 28 16-20) The Baptist Church takes its name from the conviction that followers of Jesus should be immersed in water as a visible and public display of their faith. Baptists believe There is no salvation apart from personal faith in Jesus Christ as Lord. Baptists emphasise a believers baptism by full immersion, after a public profession of faith in Christ as saviour. Unlike most Christian denominations Baptists do not baptise infants because of their belief that a person must be old enough to make a public profession of faith in order to be baptised. Therefore, the foundational sacrament of Baptism unites the community of believers. It determines the spiritual life journey of the believer and reinforces the central tenets of the faith to those who witness the initiation of the individual. Describe one significant practice within Islam (3 marks) The fifth pillar of Islam, Hajj, is seen as the ultimate expression of Muslim solidarity. Hajj draws together Muslims from all over the world forming one umma in order to worship the One God. The Quran states perform the visit and pilgrimage to Makkah for Allah (Sura 2:196) explaining that Hajj is a re-enactment of the trials and tribulations of the Prophet Abraham, his second wife, Hagar, and his son, Ishmael (linking believers to the central Islamic belief rusula). The Hajj also re-enacts the journey of Mohammad and is hence a metaphor for the journey of life. The ultimate goal of Hajj is to ensure the achievement of God consciousness (tawid).

Malcolm X Essay

During the 1960’s, the powerful speeches spoken about equality by two men about black empowerment, ultimately lead to them to their deaths. The words spoken by Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X were so strong and influential, helping them gain great audiences and followers. King preached out over the â€Å"brotherhood† among races, and the importance of non-violence. Malcolm X, also advocated for the end to segregation, but emphasized the needs for blacks to become independent of the white man, and stand up for themselves. Both King and Malcolm X had similar goals in their minds, but took distinct paths to attain those goals. Both of their many speeches varied with great distinction. While the content and underlying ideas of the speeches may have different examples and ideas, they both use many common literary devices and rhetorical strategies to attain their audience’s attention. It is through Malcolm X’s use of emotion, together with the use of other strategies, that he ultimately created a more passionate influence on his audience. The early lives that these men lived had much influence on how they would later view racism, and speak out on segregation. Martin Luther King Jr., born Micheal Luther King Jr., was raised with a middle-class family, where his mother and father stressed the importance of obtaining an education (Martin). Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little, came from a place filled with fear and danger, where the â€Å"Klansmen shouted threats and warnings [about how] ‘the good old Christian white people’ were not going to stand for [his] father’s ‘spreading trouble’† (X, Malcolm and 1). Malcolm’s early childhood experiences would be there to haunt him for the rest of his life. The experiences that these men encountered at a young age, planted the seeds to how they would flourish into the voices of the oppressed African-American people, and the ways in which they would deliver their speeches. Malcolm X, was furious at the idea that whites where trying to keep b lacks in their place, and were the reason why equality was still not being achieved. From a young age, Malcolm had suffered the effects of racism, never forgetting his eighth grade teacher telling him that â€Å"[he had] to be realistic about being a nigger. A lawyer- [that was] no realistic goal for a nigger† (X, Malcolm and 38). X, an intelligent student sharing similar dreams as King of becoming a lawyer, where soon shattered, causing him to drop out of school, and turn to drugs in order to get money. After being in jail for six years, Malcolm finally turned to Allah, where he began preaching black supremacy, and the separation between blacks and whites. Martin Luther King Jr.’s most prominent â€Å"I have a Dream† speech is lucid with its use of emotion, and all ­usion. King argues that African-Americans are not free according to the rights outlined in the United-States constitution. King not only presents his argument to the African-American community, but rather to all Americans, white and black. King delivers his argument successfully through his use of ethos. Throughout the speech, King alludes to his Christian morals, speaking out on how, â€Å"one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; â€Å"and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together† (Luther King). King acknowledges the fact that the majority of his audience believes in Christianity, therefore understanding the allusion to the bible. Finally, King refers to his audience as â€Å"his people.† This implies that King sees his audience equal and also it shows that not only the black people are â€Å"his people.† King presents his argument towards freedom, strategically placing emphasis on his moral authority. Malcolm X, flustered by King’s peaceful approach to obtaining African-American rights, wrote, â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet,† as a direct response to King’s famous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech spoken only a month before. Like King, Malcolm appeals to the emotions of his young black audience, stirring them with anger; and simultaneously, striking fear into the minds of his white listeners. Malcolm’s goal for this speech was to persuade his audience to take action into their own hands and bring about a serious long lasting change. â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet† begins with Malcolm’s attempt to connect with his audience. He begins by greeting both his friends and enemies speaking out, â€Å"I just can’t believe everyone in here is a friend and I don’t want to leave anybody out† (X, Malcolm. Speech). X, immediately grab s the attention of his audience by, identifying with them, also putting aside religious aspects and focusing on simply â€Å"working together and putting aside their differences to fight for their rights† (Critical). As Malcolm continues delivering his speech, his use of repetition keeps his audience aroused with anger. X repeats, â€Å"I am not†¦Ã¢â‚¬  allowing his audience to identify with him, especially when he says that he is â€Å"not an American, but a victim of Americanism† (X, Malcolm. Speech). Here, Malcolm has fallen victim to racism. When X refers to â€Å"Americanism† he refers to things the United States is guilty of, like sexism, racism, and the power that the government has over people. In this quote, he doesn’t feel like a citizen of America anymore, although he should. He is equal to everyone else, but is treated otherwise just because he is African-American. The strong and powerful words that these two men spoke out will always be remembered in the history of the civil rights movement. Although King is a heroine in the eyes of the movement, his methods of obtaining a change were very amicable. It was Malcolm X’s strong militant diction, and his power to stir the crowds’ emotions that helped him instill more passion in what he was arguing for. X’s approach may have arisen from his catastrophic childhood, instilling him to speak out on black supremacy, and the liberation from having the government having control over them. Nevertheless, King’s approach allowed him to gain more followers, but it was Malcolm X’s rage against the white man, that allowed him to create a more passionate audience. Works Cited Boyer, Paul S. â€Å"The Turbulent Sixties.† The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1990. Print. â€Å"Biography.† Martin Luther King -. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. . â€Å"Critical Analysis: The Ballot or The Bullet.† Socyberty. Web. 02 June 2012. . Luther King, Martin. Speech. I Have a Dream. Washington D.C. 28 Aug. 1963. American Rhetoric. Web. 02 June 2012. . Malcolm X. Dir. Spike Lee. Prod. Spike Lee. By Spike Lee and Arnold Perl. Perf. Denzel Washington, Angela Bassett, Albert Hall, and Al Freeman. Warner Bros., 1992. DVD. â€Å"Martin Luther King, Jr.† SparkNotes. SparkNotes. Web. 05 June 2012. . X, Malcolm, and Alex Haley. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: One World/Ballantine, 1992. Print. X, Malcolm. Speech. The Ballot or the Bullet. Cory Methodist Church, Cleaveland. 3 Apr. 1964. Social Justice Speeches. Web. 02 June 2012. .

On the Job Training Essay

It also benefits the students to acquire relevant knowledge and skills by performing in actual work setting. Colleges and universities require their students to undergo such training within a specific number of hours as part of the curriculum. It provides opportunities to go through the actual methodologies of a specific job using the real tools, equipments and documents. In effect, the workplace becomes a development venue for a student trainee to learn more about his chosen field and practice what he has learn from university. Supervised Industrial Training is an important opportunity for students to seed their careers in a particular industry; or alternately, it may help students to clarify which sector of the industry they wish to pursue a career in. It works to develop an individual’s sense of professionalism by experiencing firsthand the industry’s culture and practices; learning from professionals their roles and responsibilities as active professionals. It is here our technical skills as well as our ability to take on and handle given responsibilities and make sound decisions that will strengthen our prospects. It is therefore not uncommon for us students who rise to the challenge to be offered a continuing position after their initial supervised industrial training period. Alternatively, an efficient OJT program furthermore benefits the companies who accommodate trainees. Initially OJT or intern offer further manpower for a slighter compensation than a regular member of staff. Majority of them are all dedicated to be trained so probabilities are high that they will cooperate. Managers can make use of this internship strategy as a scheme in recruiting new employees. Given that the supervisor can keep an eye on the trainees’ development, he/she can determine based on performance, actions and approach if the trainee will make an excellent recruit after the completion of his internship. In Addition, OJT’s are capable to convey bright fact into the group. Known the chance to verbalize their mind liberally and with no apprehension, they perhaps able to contribute substantially in suggestion gathering or research and sooner or later help develop the company’s productivity. At the same time as teaching the interns, supervisors are actually also training their member of staff to development of guiding the trainees broaden their persistence, widen teaching expertise and make them supplementary aware to the requirements and state of mind of the adolescent. The path of supervision as well explains them how to contribute what they know and be sympathetic to enquiry. For this reason, the internship additionally turns out to be an opportunity in training for the future managers of the company. Obliging on SIT can exceptionally be beneficial not only to the trainees but also to the companies that endow with opportunities for this kind of learning. This is also why trainees should undergo their SIT seriously as it may turn out to be a dominant tool and perhaps even a basis of proposal as soon as they acquire that huge raise for being students to career professionals. But most important of all, it is one of the best training methods because it is planned, organized, and conducted at the actual worksite. SIT will generally be the primary method used for broadening trainee skills and increasing productivity. It is particularly appropriate for developing proficiency skills unique to an employee’s job – especially jobs that are relatively requires knowledge and skills to learn and the attitude and whole personality of the student to deal with his superiors, co-workers and subordinates. Morale, productivity, and professionalism will normally be high in those students that undergone SIT program. Thus, these acclimatized qualities will be used by the students to be successful in life. VNR Construction, a company where I’m assigned to learn and experience the construction/development process. VNR Construction was registered with the Department of Trade and Industries in 1999. It is a company and Industry of Engineering and Architecture. Their main line of business is in building construction, labor supply, and steel fabrications. Their project range from private residential buildings to medium rise office towers. This is owned by ENGR. Nelson Remulla, a licensed Electrical Engineer. Company Vision is to have Professionalism on the system of delivering services, and provide quality, competitive price of every undertakings and to deliver the highest level of satisfaction to the clients. VNR had established its name for its quality of work and excellent after sale service which gained for the company the confidence of its clients, likewise due to its flexible organization the company can offer competitive price for its services. Main Mission is to be known as one of the well systematic Construction Company in the field of Planning and Development, It will achieve only in compliance with its quality management system, dedication to their customer, service enhancement, and commitment to serve. II. Job performed in the Company May 21, 2012, it was the date when I first started my day as an OJT at VNR Construction. It is a construction company which is sited at 4th floor VNR business center, Governor’s drive, Langkaan I, City of Dasmarinas Cavite. I was designated at the department called Purchasing Department. This department serves as the central purveyor of tools, equipments, and materials that is necessary to site. Furthermore, at this department, its major task is to hit upon good supplier which supplies good quality of materials at reasonable cost and need to deliver immediately to not have a delay in construction. It must not have delays to maintain the production stream smoothly and prevent waste of time and money. On the first week of my training, I started my work as an assistant and an aid of Mr. John Paolo Modesto – Head of Purchasing Department. He first taught me the pace of purchasing department, rules and regulation, and what is the blend of coffee that my boss likes. I him help arranging company’s documents, photocopy of files, estimate, and answering phone calls. Being an assistant is bland; assuming that it was the only work that I will do for the rest of my OJT. On the second week of my training, it was an honor for me that Engineer has given me a chance to go along on tour with our client. While we are on the trip, I saw how engineer deals with our client. As time goes by, I get used to be a purchaser. My supervisor was trained me to have good communication skills with our suppliers and visitor. He also trained me how to communicate with other supplier to do business with to lowest price possible we could get from them without sacrificing the quality of material we will purchase from them. It is also my task to encode in my database all the materials that have been delivered, to monitor the materials cost in each site. . It is also our task to do monetary report of all projects. So that Engineer can visualize what is happening on every project. We tried our best to come up with 100% accuracy in our report. On the third week of my training, I feel I already worked just like a regular employee of the company. Starting on that time, I feel I was not an assistant or a helper any longer just like on my first day of OJT, but one of trusted personnel on the department. It was privilege to me that my supervisor has trusted to make material request form, purchase request form, purchase order form, transmittals, cash advance of workers, and endorsed me some of important files. It is also an honor to me that the company teaches me how to handle subordinates appropriately. Sometimes I go along with the driver and helper to monitor their progress, to deliver the cash advance/payroll of the workers, to know the concerns of the site, and site inspection to examine the materials that has to be delivered. On the following week of my training, while I was assigned as a purchaser, the company transfer me in the construction department. At that time, I am very excited to work with site because since the first day of my OJT I wish that I would designate to site. At the first day in the site everything is new, new environment, new task, and new supervisor. Furthermore, I struggled to adopt in my new department because from being a purchaser that I accustomed with, I now work as an assistant of Mr. Junmhar Reyes (one of the three professionals site supervisor of VNR). We are assigned in 3rd floor of VNR business center, 1 floor lower from our office, our task to renovate an existing call center and make it a world class piece. I also have a hard time to fulfil all the responsibilities that was hand over to me like monitoring all the works of the worker to check if their work is followed according to plan and correct, making the daily accomplishment report and attendance of workers, and check our material balances. A month later, we were assigned in a new project in Devine Grace Medical Center located in Rosario, Cavite, again it is an existing 7th floor building but the 6th and 7th floor has no room partition because the said two floors is an extension so that the hospital can accommodate more patients. This time it’s more challenging not only because it is far away from our office, not only the site is much larger than our previous project, but because of we have to impressed and show the board how passionate, motivated, and world class output in our work. My supervisor, which is an expert in his field, taught me different techniques, approach, and all the things that he is knowledgeable with. Time came when my supervisor ask me to handle workers. That time is when I used what was taught to me by the company. Being an apprentice on that kind of department was really remarkable. All the techniques that were shared to me will help me a lot for my future career. III. Experience Earned After finishing the required 640 hours of duty for the company, I had may lessons Learned. The ten guidelines for a successful result of work are: 1. Take Risks  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Do not be afraid to take risks. Where is the fun in that? If you want something, go for it! Do not try and justify every action you make. Sometimes, all you have to do is to take that big leap! We usually allow ourselves to settle at what is safe and secure and yet we end up wondering at all the â€Å"what if’s? and â€Å"what could have been’s? This is more logical than waiting for opportunity to knock on your door – which may or may never come. 3. Have a Plan  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Always have a plan. This is the best way to stay on track with your goals. Set a milestone which will provide as your visual in what you are working for, what you have successfully achieved, and what you need to do better. 4. Stay Motivated  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ When you’re too busy getting what you want you also exhausts all your energies with it and this becomes critical because this is usually the reason why we lose the battle. Half-way through, we get tired and lose the desire to go on. It is important to stay motivated. Remind yourself with the reasons as to why you are working hard. Read motivational quotes and articles. Assure yourself that every effort exerted will eventually pay-off in the long run. 5. Be Patient  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Always remember that attaining goals almost always takes time. Be kind to yourself and the people around you because everything is actually a process in working your way up the ladder each day. 8. Reward yourself  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ As you surpass every milestone try and treat yourself for a job well done. 7. Do not Stop Learning  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ You may feel that you have already become an expert in your field when you’ve been working on it for so long. But this shouldn’t be the reason why you should stop learning. Keep innovating! New ideas and new ventures help keep the fire burning! 8. Learn to Delegate  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ When you are getting close to your goals you will find out that there are many more things to do than hours in the day. Find someone to help take some of your load so you can focus on things that need your full attention. 9. Raise your Standards  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Always learn to â€Å"Step-up! † Increase your standard and strive for more! Not only with your accomplishments but also with your trials and your failures. It will keep you humble, which in turn, will help you continue striving for success. Training inside the company the company is a learning experience each day. I learned how to appreciate the lessons studied in school. I was able to realize the important principles, theories, and concepts that were discussed inside the classroom. And also I understand that everything that was thought inside the school especially in our laboratory shops class can be a tool that can be used in future career. Like me as an Architecture Technology student, how can I understand and read a whole plan if I don’t know anything about the basic of architecture. Second, how can I use the Autocad and Google Sketch Up if I haven’t experience them using in school. Lastly, How can I give proper reports if no has tried to teach how to use all the Microsoft office programs. No doubt, my school Technological University of the Philippines – Cavite Campus teaches me to the career I’ve chose. There once told me that the knowledge we learn for our school is only 10% of what we must learn and the 90% is learn in actual job. And that’s what VNR Construction do; it fulfills all the remaining 90%. As I was working as a trainee at VNR construction, I learned to become a hard-working person. Time to complete the output product is not important, but the quality. I also learned to follow the instructions as what the superior’s said and to accept opinion that they suggested. The training served as the stepping stone to me to the real life of an architect. It served as the beginning the real life of being an employee. I realized that learning is a lifetime commitment that is continues even you already have a job. The training gave me more initiative to my chosen career. I was more encouraged to pursue the Architecture Technology course. The training inspired me to enhance my skills and knowledge in the field of architecture technology. I was given some ideas what could be the feeling or situation being an employee. The training enriched my individuality as a beginner and created the foundation of being a good worker. The best thing that I have gained inside the company was the good orientation of the person having the higher positions. As Architecture Technology student, the OJT made me realize the importance of the course that I am taking. It made me realize the essential role of a architect in a company. An architect can take the work of electrical and civil engineering, but, no other course can takes place the work architect in a company. To be a competent one, not only an architect must understand what he/she is drawing with, the process and the underlying principles but also be knowledgeable in the field of construction. An architect must also possess good communication and leadership skill. The students have undergone a good training. The task given to me was an application of my shop subject of my course. The design of the project has a great in connection to the subjects. The anthropometry deals with the study of human dimensions were exactly related to what was discussed inside the classroom. I was technically given actual problems that have a main concern with the architecture technology subjects. The nature of the career course was the main focus of the training. This training will be useful if the nature of their training have the major concern for their chosen career. The trainees would able to use the experiences they have gone through during the training whenever they are already in the field of specialization. At the school, being late is better than absent. But as what I have learned at VNR Construction, being absent is better than being late. Being absent can be a cause of emergency situations like sickness, unpredicted travels and phenomena, while, being late is a cause of misbehaviour and unable to manage the time. I was training at VNR Construction for almost four months, I observed the daily activities and practices that the workers inside the company, as well as rules and regulation that all workers and employees must comply with. I easily observed that all workers inside the construction site must wear their proper uniform during working hours. Even the sweepers who clean the yard must wear complete uniform. Any workers who will notice without in their proper PPE will be given a punishment which may result in lay off the worker out of the company; reminding everyone that those people were violators. Safety inside the company was really strict. Another thing that I observed was the rules and regulation that the company initiated. Before entering the construction site at taguig, regular frisking and baggage inspections were conducted. Car and Delivery truck without gate pass cannot enter inside site except for the visitors. Trainees are not included as a visitor. Another was the NO smoking, sleeping and by standing rule. Any violators who will be caught will fine an amount of one thousand pesos. Gadgets like mobile phones and portable mp3 players are not allowed during working hours. Requests like emergency calls are accepted making sure that the call was important and entertain able. During my training at VNR Construction, I learned to interact with other people. We know that people have different characteristics and attitudes; however, making friends with the trainee’s co-workers doesn’t make difficult. Even though I was only a trainee, they don’t treat me like others. And as a trainee, I don’t feel uncomfortable as I worked with them. From the interaction I made with them, and later I learned to work with patience. Although thoroughly working on something was time consuming, the quality of the output product is the most important. I also learned from my co-worker’s experiences and mistakes and apply them whenever he needed it. They also encouraged me to go on with my studies until I become a professional. Although I worked and interact with them for a short period of time, I learned a lot to them; the skills and techniques that they shared with me that cannot be find on the books. IV. Problem met while on training Without change there is no innovation, creativity, or incentive for improvement. Those who initiate change will have a better opportunity to manage the change that is inevitable. While on my training I think no problem has aroused. Our coordinator has visited us in our company to monitor our progress, as they have said in the first day of OJT orientation. I’ve experienced a lot of problems during the first initial weeks of my training, this problems aroused due to the lack of background knowledge about the industry. During the first few initial weeks I was working so slowly, I had problems adjusting to the work environment, that my supervisor got irritated at me and complained about my work etiquette, I explained my side and I gradually got things fix. Yes, I have to admit I did screw up during my training, I broke this and damaged that, but in the end I learned from my mistakes. I remember what the Manager used to tell me, â€Å"That’s why you’re here, to learn. † And I’m proud to say that I didn’t make the same mistake twice. V. Suggestions and Recommendations The company created a good service to their clients and gave the best training for the students. The students must have a good company that would give them a good training ground and would enhance their knowledge and capabilities. The school must have the good coordination for some companies that offer an annual On the Job Training inside their company. The school should provide more budgets given to the OJT coordinators to have the best monitoring of the training the students are taking. One of the best ways of training is the provincial trainings that would give different experiences to the trainees. An out of town training would give more self esteem to the students. The evening students have their training at 4th year and first semester of the year. It is more efficient if they will take it 4th year of their last semester. In some cases having their training during the first semester of their 4th year of school would sometimes affect the rhythm of their schooling because in evening students OJT have their preferred pre-requisite subjects that once not taken would give a big effect to the arrangement of the student’s subjects. Instead of the regular schedule of years of studying, once being affected by the pre-requisite subjects, the students would waste some of the time spending for the subjects affected by the OJT.